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Structure of buildings

（1） Fundamentals The foundation is a component of a building, which is a load-bearing component below the ground level. It supports all the loads of the upper building and transmits these loads and the self weight of the foundation to the foundation below. The foundation must be sturdy, stable, and reliable. [1] （2） Foundation The foundation is not a component of a building, but a soil or rock mass that bears the load transmitted from the foundation. The building must be built on a solid and reliable foundation. To ensure the firmness and stability of the foundation and prevent accelerated or uneven settlement, the foundation should meet the following requirements: having sufficient bearing capacity and uniform compression to ensure uniform settlement; Has the ability to prevent landslides and inclinations. [1] （3） Wall Walls and columns are vertical load-bearing components that support roofs, floors, and transmit these loads and self weight to the foundation. The functions of walls include load-bearing, maintenance, separation, and decoration. The requirements for walls are: sufficient strength and stability; Meet the performance of thermal engineering (insulation, insulation, and prevention of condensation water); Having certain sound insulation performance; It has certain fire resistance performance. Walls have different names according to different classifications, mainly including the following categories. 1. It is divided into exterior walls and interior walls according to its location in the building. External wall: The external wall is located around the building and serves as a maintenance component, serving as a wind, rain, thermal insulation, sound insulation, and other functions. Internal wall: The internal wall is located inside the building and mainly serves to separate the internal space, as well as to provide sound insulation, fire prevention, and other functions. 2. Divided into longitudinal walls and transverse walls according to their orientation in the building. Vertical wall: refers to a wall arranged along the long axis of a building. Horizontal wall: refers to a wall arranged along the short axis of a building, with the outer horizontal wall commonly referred to as a gable. 3. Divided into load-bearing walls and non load-bearing walls according to their stress conditions. Load bearing wall: refers to a wall that directly bears the load transmitted from beams, floors, roofs, etc. Non load-bearing wall: refers to a wall that does not withstand external loads. In non load-bearing walls, walls that only bear their own weight and transmit it to the foundation are called load-bearing walls; A wall that only serves as a partition space and its own weight is borne by the floor slab or beam is called a partition wall; In frame structures, walls do not bear external loads, and the walls between filled columns are called filled walls; A wall composed of lightweight wall panels suspended outside a building for decorative purposes is called a curtain wall. 4. According to the materials used, it is divided into brick walls, stone walls, small block walls, and reinforced concrete walls. 5. Divided into solid walls, hollow walls, and composite walls according to their structure. Solid wall: A wall built with clay bricks and other solid blocks. Hollow wall: A wall with cavities inside it, which can be formed by building blocks or by combining materials with holes, such as hollow blocks. Composite wall: refers to a wall composed of two or more materials, such as an aerated concrete composite panel wall.

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Brick and wood structure building

1. Brick and wood structure building: The main load-bearing components of this type of building are made of brick and wood. The walls and columns of the vertical load-bearing components are made of brick, while the floors and roof trusses of the horizontal load-bearing components are made of wood. The number of floors in this type of building is generally low, usually below 3 floors. Ancient architecture and buildings from the 1950s and 1960s often have this type of structure. 2. Brick concrete structure building: The vertical load-bearing components of this type of building use brick walls or brick columns, and the horizontal load-bearing components use reinforced concrete floors and roof slabs, including a small number of roofs using wooden frames. The number of floors of this type of building is generally below 6, with low cost and poor seismic resistance. The width, depth, and floor height are all limited. 3. Reinforced concrete structure building: The load-bearing components of this type of building, such as beams, slabs, columns, walls, roof trusses, etc., are composed of two major materials: steel bars and concrete. Its enclosure components such as walls and partitions are made of lightweight bricks or other masonry. The characteristics are strong structural adaptability, good seismic resistance, and durability. The types of reinforced concrete structure houses include frame structure, frame shear wall structure, shear wall structure, simplified structure, frame tube structure, and tube in tube structure. 4. Steel structure building: The main load-bearing components of this type of building are all made of steel, which has high construction costs and is often used in multi-story public buildings or buildings with large spans. [1] （4） The classification of construction methods by building construction method refers to the methods used in building construction. Cast-in-place masonry building: The main load-bearing components of this type of building are all cast and built at the construction site. Prefabricated and prefabricated building: the main load-bearing components of such buildings are prefabricated components made in the processing plant and assembled at the construction site. Partial cast-in-place and cast-in-place masonry, partial prefabricated building: some components (such as walls) of such buildings are poured or built on the construction site, and some components (such as floors and stairs) are prefabricated components made in the processing plant. [1] （5） Classification by building durability years Classification Table by Building Durability Years: Durability Year Level/Durability Year/Scope of Application Level 1/Over 100 Years/Important Buildings and Tall Buildings Level 2/50-100 Years/General Buildings Level 3/25-50 Years/Minor Buildings Level 4/Below 15 Years/Temporary Buildings

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Classification by nature of use

Residential buildings: refer to buildings designed for families or individuals to reside for a long period of time, and can be divided into residential and collective dormitories (residential buildings are divided into ordinary residential, high-end apartments, and villas; collective dormitories are divided into single employee dormitories and student dormitories). Public buildings refer to non productive buildings used by people for shopping, office, learning, medical treatment, travel, sports, etc., such as office buildings, shops, hotels, cinemas, gyms, exhibition halls, hospitals, etc. Industrial buildings: refer to buildings used for industrial production or directly serving industrial production, such as factories, warehouses, etc. Agricultural buildings: refer to buildings used for agricultural production or directly serving agricultural production, such as silos, breeding farms, etc. [1] （2） The number of floors of a house classified by floor number or total height refers to the natural number of floors of the house, generally calculated based on an indoor floor level of ± 0 or above; For a semi basement with daylight windows above the outdoor floor level, if the indoor floor height is above 2.20m (excluding 2.20m), the natural number of floors shall be calculated. False floors, attached floors (mezzanine), insertions, attics, decorative towers, as well as stairwells and water tank rooms protruding from the roof, do not count the number of floors. The total number of floors in a house is the sum of the number of floors above ground and underground. Residential buildings are divided into low-rise residential buildings (1-3 floors), multi-story residential buildings (4-6 floors), medium to high-rise residential buildings (7-9 floors), and high-rise residential buildings (10 floors and above) based on the number of floors. Public buildings and comprehensive buildings with a total height exceeding 24m are high-rise buildings, but do not include single story buildings with a total height exceeding 24m. A building with a total height exceeding OOm, whether it is a residential or public building, or a comprehensive building, is called a super high-rise building [1] （3） According to the classification of building structure, building structure refers to the system composed of load-bearing components (foundations, walls, columns, beams, floors, roof trusses, etc.) in a building.

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Architecture is the general term for buildings and structures

Architecture is the general term for buildings and structures. It is an artificial environment created by people to meet the needs of social life, utilizing the material and technological means they have mastered, and applying certain scientific laws, feng shui concepts, and aesthetic principles. Some classifications distinguish buildings from non building structures that people do not occupy for a long time in order to clearly express their usability. In addition, some architectural scholars deliberately subdivide buildings that have been consciously created by people into "architecture" in order to avoid confusion. It should be noted that sometimes buildings may also be extended to include 'non building structures' such as bridges, power towers, tunnels, etc. Buildings have two meanings: broad and narrow. In a broad sense, buildings refer to everything artificially constructed, including both houses and structures. Narrowly defined buildings refer to houses, excluding structures. A house refers to a space with a foundation, walls, roof, doors, and windows that can provide shelter from wind and rain, and is used for people to live, work, study, entertain, store items, or engage in other activities. Architecture related majors often refer to the narrow meaning of buildings. The concept of buildings that can best illustrate the study of "architecture" related majors is Laozi's: "The temple is like a vessel, when it is not present, the vessel is also used. The window is like a room, when it is not present, the vessel is used." This is undoubtedly the clearest and most direct expression of the narrow concept of buildings. Unlike buildings, there is no internal space available for people to use in structures, and people generally do not directly engage in production and living activities inside, such as chimneys, water towers, bridges, dams, sculptures, etc.

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The 2022 Jiangsu Steel Structure Industry Annual Conference and Jiangsu Steel Structure Development and New Technology Seminar were grandly held in Yixing

On the afternoon of April 2023, 4, it was jointly hosted by Jiangsu Building Steel Structure Concrete Association and Jiangsu Civil Engineering and Architecture Society Steel Structure Professional Committee. "3 Jiangsu Steel Structure Industry Annual Conference and Jiangsu Steel Structure Development and New Technology Seminar" was grandly held in Yixing, Jiangsu. The opening ceremony of the conference was presided over by Wang Qunyi, assistant president of Jiangsu Building Steel Structure Concrete Association, and the meeting began with a speech by Xu Jiabin, executive president of Jiangsu Building Steel Structure Concrete Association, and Shu Ganping, executive vice president of Jiangsu Building Steel Structure Concrete Association

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Important Trends in the International Steel Structure Industry from January to February 2023

In order to promote international cooperation and exchanges and strengthen the understanding of foreign steel structures and related industries, the association will report on the main international industry trends in January and February.

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